Ways With Water: A List of Hydropower Systems

Jul 2, 2019 | Sustainability

Water is heavy
One liter of liquid water can generally be said to weigh one kilogram, or one gallon weighs about 8.34 pounds. In other words, it’s heavy, as anyone who has had to carry buckets of it with those metal wire handles while not wearing gloves can tell you.

Water moves
Gravity tends to have a big effect on liquid water. It will spread out as thin as it can over a level surface and will readily run down the slightest incline, as anyone who is wondering how it found it’s silent way from the leak by the chimney to the far end of the house until it showed up as a growing stain in the wall, can surmise.

Water wants to keep going until it gets to the ocean. It’s often in a furious hurry and does not tolerate anything in its way, as anyone who has survived a flood knows.

Water is hard
For something you can slide your whole body into, it’s surprisingly solid if you approach it too fast, as anyone who’s ever flubbed a dive can attest. It can be pushed against, as in propelling a canoe with a paddle. And it can push, as in turning the paddles of a water wheel.

Water has Energy
The impressive force of moving water is a non-polluting, renewable source of energy in use by humans for thousands of years. The US has been generating electricity from flowing water since a Michigan furniture company used a water turbine to power factory lighting in 1880. According to this article on the US Energy Administration web site, “In 2018, hydroelectricity accounted for about 7% of total US utility-scale electricity generation and 41% of total utility-scale electricity generation from renewable energy sources.”

Storage Hydropower
First to come to mind upon hearing the word “hydropower” are the large hydroelectric dams built on major rivers, where water is stored in a reservoir for total control of the rate of release. Second is their environmental impacts: creating lakes were there were none, changing the quality of water flow downstream, and blocking the migration of fish.

Mitigating environmental impacts is not in the scope of this article. Neither are the licensing, politics, policies, economics, management, and distribution issues surrounding constructing and running small and large hydro energy systems across the globe. Here we are simply admiring the many ways humans have configured to harness energy from water. Some have been established and operating for a long time, and some are early iterations currently being field-tested. All are ingenious and worthy of recognition.

Pumped Storage
A pumped storage system is one where water stored in an upper reservoir, and allowed to move through turbines to a lower reservoir when needed, then pumped back up to the first reservoir to go again. The system takes some of the generated electricity during times of low demand to pump the water back to the upper reservoir.

Run-of-River
A less disruptive design is a streaming system known as run-of-river hydropower.  They are ideally located where there is a year-round flow of water and a steep slope, such as a mountain creek.  A much smaller geographical area is disrupted because a large dam and permanent lake are not constructed. Instead, a portion of the water is diverted off to the side and down a tunnel to the turbine. After pushing past the turbine blades, the water re-joins the river current further downstream.

The scale of operations is smaller than the large dams, they can be located closer to where the resulting electricity will be used, and fish migration is not blocked. However, even this seemingly benign set-up can be disruptive to the fragile eco-system of a mountain creek because of access roads, transmission lines, and changes in water temperature and flow rates.

On an even smaller scale, the electricity needs of a single home can be met by a turbine in a nearby stream as long as it runs year-round and has enough of an elevation drop.

Instream Energy Generation
The mechanical power source for grinding grain, milling wood and making cider, traditional waterwheels are now being used for electricity generation. They don’t need a significant change in elevation or a reservoir, just a strong water current. Waterwheels can also be attractive and are mesmerizing to watch.

Conduit Hydropower Generators
Another version of streaming hydropower is making better use of what we have already built; one of those forehead-slapping-obvious ideas that make total sense. Water traveling through decreasing diameter pipes, as from a reservoir, builds up pressure that is relieved by pressure-reducing valves. If a turbine is put in place of the valve, the pressure can be used to generate electricity.

This solution can work on small and large pipes and does not create any additional impact on the environment. It is making use of energy that is already there and would otherwise be wasted.

Soar Hydropower’s website, https://soarhydro.com/,  has a good explanation of how this works accompanied by informative illustrations. (Disclaimer: just appreciating their communications; I have no connection with them, or the company mentioned below.)

Another company, Lucid Energy (lucidenergy.com), is installing specially designed turbines inside of existing pipes, to turn generators on the outside of the pipes, to convert the energy of the flow to electricity. They claim it does not interfere with water delivery.

Tidal Energy
Humans have been taking advantage of the predictable ebb and flow of the tides since ancient times. A dam built across a tidal inlet that allows an area to fill with water as the tide comes in. The captured water is then let back out, passing through a waterwheel or paddles, providing mechanical energy to a mill for a few hours each day.

Modern barrage systems use turbines to generate electricity. The environmental impact is high as it completely disrupts the eco-system of a tidal inlet or estuary the dam or barrage spans. Less disruptive tidal lagoon systems only partially blocked inlets, where the wall is so low it is submerged at high tide. Fish and animals can navigate around the barrier.

Other systems use both the incoming and outgoing currents to spin turbines placed in tidal streams.

Wave Energy
Ocean waves are another constant and forceful source of moving water. Engineers are exploring different systems, from harnessing the up and down movement of the surface,  to having the onslaught of wave action toward the shore fill a reservoir to power turbines upon release back into the sea. The potential is huge. The tasks are finding something economically feasible and determining the as yet unknown environmental impacts.

Thermal Conversion
Lastly, we have to mention another mind-blowing way to harness energy from water, and it comes with a bonus.

In tropical seas, the surface water is a great deal warmer than the deep water. In a thermal conversion system, the warm water is run through an evaporator, so the resulting water vapor can power a turbine to generate electricity. The water vapor is then cooled in a condenser by cold deep water, resulting in a bonus of collectible desalinated water. There is a successful test facility in Hawaii run by The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority.

Water covers over seventy percent of the planet.
Very briefly mentioned here are eight different ways to harness its energy. Environmental concerns need to be addressed, and testing will lead to more iterations. It is encouraging and exciting that engineers everywhere are innovating with this resource and that they will successfully contribute to reducing the world’s reliance on fossil fuels.

 

Sources:

US Energy Information Administration
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=hydropower_home

Union of Concerned Scientists: Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric Power
https://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html

Energy BC: Run of River Power
http://www.energybc.ca/runofriver.html

WhyHydroPower.com: Environmental Considerations, Contrasting Reservoir and Streaming Hydropower
http://www.whyhydropower.com/HydroTour3d.html

British-Hydro.org: Types of Hydro Generation
http://www.british-hydro.org/types-of-hydro/

Tidal Electric, Inc: History of Tidal Power
http://www.tidalelectric.com/history-of-tidal-power

National Geographic.org: Resource Library, Encyclopedic Entry: Tidal Energy
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/tidal-energy/

Why I Support Wind Energy and Cheer Those Pursuing It

Jun 19, 2019 | Sustainability

The wind,

a fortuitous byproduct of solar radiation and the diversity of the earth’s surface.  Just enough of a breeze keeps the bugs from bothering on a summer’s day, too much can be catastrophic.  Somewhere in between the force of the wind can display a flag, propel a boat across the seas, or turn a shaft to a water pump or gearbox.

Wind-mechanical systems have served us for thousands of years.  But having to situate the fan blades directly over the well pump has its limitations.  Water wells are located in the best spot to draw water, not necessarily the best spot to catch wind.

Wind-electrical means being able to locate a turbine on the always windy side of the hill, then transport the electricity by wire to wherever the well pump is, or to the wood shop, the dairy, or the farmhouse.  Battery back-up means having power during the calm periods.

Wind is free, and we’ll never run out of it as long as the sun shines and air exists around the planet.  It makes sense to be exploring all the ways to harness that energy.


Wind Energy Numbers

According to the World Wind Energy Association, as of the end of 2018, the capacity of installed turbines worldwide had the potential to cover 6% of the world’s electricity needs.  Denmark’s wind power reached a record 44% of the country’s electrical needs in 2017.  An article on the US Energy Information Administration website claims that in 2016 wind turbines provided “8% of U.S. generating capacity, more than any other renewable source.”

That’s 8% from an energy source that is creating jobs, fueling economic growth in rural areas, and produces no, as in zero, carbon emissions.  Wind energy cut enough sources of air pollution to translate into a public health savings of 8 billion dollars in 2017, according to the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA).

AWEA also points out that, compared with power plants that use more water for cooling than does agriculture in the US, wind turbine projects don’t use any water.  Moreover, they have a physical footprint of about 2% of the land they are installed on, leaving the rest undisturbed and usable, and have “the lowest impacts on wildlife and their surrounding habitats of any large-scale way to generate electricity.”


Wind energy and birds

So, what about the birds?  Bird fatalities is a favorite argument against wind energy.  But consider some actual data.

According to this 2009 study, in 2006, wind farms in the US killed about 7000 birds.  The study also noted that nuclear power plants killed about 327,000 and fossil-fueled power plants killed 14.5 million.  Now consider this report from 2014 that found up to 988 million birds are killed each year by flying into our windows, 56 percent of those on low-rise buildings.

We kill 988 million birds a year just by living in buildings with windows.  While we don’t see people proposing we stop installing windows, it should certainly not be an excuse not to do anything about the fraction killed by wind turbines, because there are things that can be, and are being done to lower the impact on the birds.

Consideration is now being made as to migration paths and habitat when deciding where to locate wind farms.  Observation, sensors, and radar tracking, including the use of weather radar, can be used to know when to slow or shut down the turbines.  And changes to turbine design, from shape to color, are being explored.

For the record, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the problem of bird-window collisions, but we will save that for another post.


Small wind

It’s not all about wind farms, or even offshore clusters.  There is a growing market for ‘small wind,’ installing individual wind turbines at the location of the end user, and for smaller community installments.  Innovations in small turbines, especially vertical designs, are making local generation more feasible and affordable.

Picture a typical suburban street.  Each home has a basketball hoop, a TV or cable antenna or dish, a pole with electrical and phone wires, meter boxes, a mailbox… we have arguably unattractive units on our homes so ubiquitous and ingrained in our lives we don’t notice them.  Unless you have one attractive enough to pass for a kinetic garden sculpture, paint a vertical wind turbine the same color as the house, or green as the trees, and it will become as invisible as it will be indispensable in no time.


Wind energy innovation

There are people who have decided, from personal experience, from misinformation, or to serve a political agenda, that wind energy is not worth pursuing.  They claim a host of negative consequences for too little in return, painting with a broad brush and dismissing the need to explore.

I did not experience noise in any of my visits to a wind farm, but, I don’t live next door.  For the bird issue, we can add that almost half of all the bird species in North America are “severely threatened” by global warming according to findings by the National Audubon Society.  It stands to reason that one of the best things we can do for the birds is to curb emissions as much as possible, as soon as possible.

Fortunately, there are people around the globe curious and inventive enough to see how far we can take this.  A quick search will find everything from offshore horizontal wind turbines with blades so long they can sweep an area of over 5 acres, to two blades that flap like hummingbirds, to convection chimneys,  to turbines with vertical blades that take up little space and don’t have to fight gravity to rotate.  And there are designs with no blades at all including a pole that oscillates, a dish that wiggles, and a belt that vibrates.

Not all attempts will prove to be more efficient or economically viable.  But improvements will be found, and the path of out-there exploration is the way to discovery.  Whatever percentage of our energy needs can be met by this non-polluting, non-water-using, free, and sustainable resource of wind energy is worth pursuing.

 

American Wind Energy Association
https://www.awea.org/

Audubon: The Climate Report
https://climate.audubon.org/

BioOne.org
https://bioone.org/journals/The-Condor/volume-116/issue-1/CONDOR-13-090.1/Birdbuilding-collisions-in-the-United-States–Estimates-of-annual/10.1650/CONDOR-13-090.1.full

Sovacool, Benjamin K., 2009. “Contextualizing avian mortality: A preliminary appraisal of bird and bat fatalities from wind, fossil-fuel, and nuclear electricity,” Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(6), pages 2241-2248, June.
https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/enepol/v37y2009i6p2241-2248.html

US Energy Information Administration
https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=31032

World Wind Energy Association
https://wwindea.org/blog/2019/02/25/wind-power-capacity-worldwide-reaches-600-gw-539-gw-added-in-2018/